Source #1

Provide an APA-formatted citation for your source here (use the samples in the Week 5 folder and the Samples page to help you create the citations):

Kupske, F. F. (2020). The impact of language attrition on language teaching: the dynamics of linguistic knowledge retention and maintenance in multilingualism. Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language; Literatures in English and Cultural Studies / Vol: 72 Núm: 3 Par: 0 (2019). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2019v72n3p311

Next, provide a brief objective summary (try to keep it under 150 words) of the source’s main points:

The article provides a synthesis of study on the impact of attrition on second language (L2) development. By making reference to Threshold Hypothesis and Dynamic Model of Multilingualism, the researcher explores the impact of second language (L2) attrition studies on language teaching, with the aim of developing informed language policies and practice. According to the author, language attrition has a significant impact on linguistics, helping in areas such as language teaching and study of second language, and language retention. Language attrition is also an important tool for establishing robustly informed language policies and practice.

Now answer some questions about this source:

1. What kind of source is this (a news article, an op-ed, an info page, a report of a scientific study, a book chapter, an essay, etc.)? What does its purpose seem to be (to inform, to argue a specific claim, to report the results of an experiment, etc.)?
   1. [The source is a journal article  and aims to inform on the impact of language attrition on second language development]

• Who is the author of this source? Does the author appear to have relevant expertise about this topic?
  • [The article is authored by Felipe Flores Kupske. The author appears to have relevant expertise on the topic based on his profession. Kupske is a permanent university profession of Postgraduate Program in Language and Culture at the Federal University of Bahia. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree from the University of Nottingham and a Master’s degree and Ph.D. in Linguistic Studies]

• What organization published or distributed this source (e.g., The New York Times, the CDC, the Journal of American Medicine, the University of Arizona, etc.)? What relevant expertise does the publisher bring to the source?
  • [Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language; Literatures in English and Cultural Studies. The publisher is a reputable organization well-known for Linguistic Studies sources]

• What kinds of evidence does this source offer to support its argument or demonstrate the information it’s sharing?
  • [The researcher relied on literature findings to support the arguments]

• Do the claims of this source seem contentious or radical to you? Based on your sense of the critical conversation about this topic, is this source in alignment with that conversation?
  • [The claims are neither contentious nor radical, but rather aligned to everyday conversations about the fundamentals of language within the educational frameworks]

• When was this source published? Given your topic, is the information here still relevant?
  • [The paper was published in 2020, which makes it current and relevant for the study]

• Is the language in this source easy to understand? Are you noticing a lot of typographical errors or other mistakes? If it’s a web source, is the web page easy to navigate?
  • [Even though the initial language is Portuguese, the article has been translated into English with fewer typographical errors, hence making it easy to understand]

• Do you notice anything troubling about this source?
  • [Nothing specifically troubling about the source]

• Overall, how would you rate the credibility of this source?
  • [The sources are current, and references from reputable sources; hence making it 96% credible]

1. What have you learned from this source? How will this source and what you’ve learned from it inform your research project?
   1. [The source has introduced me to two fundamental models, Threshold Hypothesis and Dynamic Model of Multilingualism, which will form part of the theories adopted during the study to understand the impact of language attrition]

Source #2

Provide an APA-formatted citation for your source here (use the samples in the Week 5 folder and the Samples page to help you create the citations):

WlosowiczT. (2017). English Language Attrition in Teachers: Questions of Language Proficiency, Language Maintenance and Language Attitudes. Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition, 3(1). Retrieved from https://journals.us.edu.pl/index.php/TAPSLA/article/view/4914

Next, provide a brief objective summary (try to keep it under 150 words) of the source’s main points:

            The article examines the attrition of English in English language teachers with Polish as their native language. The researcher explores attrition of advanced vocabularies and structures often taught English Philology classes in most universities but are necessary for teachers teaching lower levels of education; hence are more prone to attrition. The researcher also tested teachers’ attitudes concerning English correctness and approaches adopted to maintain proficiency in the language. It was noted that teachers adopt several techniques to maintain English proficiency, including reading books and articles, talking to native speakers, and watching documentaries in English.

Now answer some questions about this source:

1. What kind of source is this (a news article, an op-ed, an info page, a report of a scientific study, a book chapter, an essay, etc.)? What does its purpose seem to be (to inform, to argue a specific claim, to report the results of an experiment, etc.)?
   1. [The source is a journal article, informing on the influence of language attrition on teachers of English language whose native language is Polish ]

• Who is the author of this source? Does the author appear to have relevant expertise about this topic?
  • [Teresa Maria Wlosowicz is the author of the article. She holds a Ph.D. in Ph.D. in linguistics, an indicator that the author has relevant expertise in the topic]

• What organization published or distributed this source (e.g., The New York Times, the CDC, the Journal of American Medicine, the University of Arizona, etc.)? What relevant expertise does the publisher bring to the source?
  • [Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Department of English and American Studies. The source being published in Poland with authors dedicated to teaching English as a second language to Polish learners makes it useful in providing vast knowledge on the impact of language attrition on second language L2 acquisition and retention]

• What kinds of evidence does this source offer to support its argument or demonstrate the information it’s sharing?
  • [The author adopted both literary sources and primary data collected through questionnaires]

• Do the claims of this source seem contentious or radical to you? Based on your sense of the critical conversation about this topic, is this source in alignment with that conversation?
  • [The source does not seem contentious or radical, it explores the concept of language attrition from the text of academic teachings]

• When was this source published? Given your topic, is the information here still relevant?
  • [The source was published in 2017. The source is still relevant and current in the study of linguistics]

• Is the language in this source easy to understand? Are you noticing a lot of typographical errors or other mistakes? If it’s a web source, is the web page easy to navigate?
  • [The sources is written in English, and observe grammar structures, making it easy to understand]

• Do you notice anything troubling about this source?
  • [Nothing troubling about the source]

• Overall, how would you rate the credibility of this source?
  • [The source is more credible, it is current to the topic and published by a reputable university department and authored by a highly qualified author with authority to speak on matters of linguistics]

1. What have you learned from this source? How will this source and what you’ve learned from it inform your research project?
   1. [I have learned the influence of attrition on teachers teaching English as a second language and how they can maintain proficiency, such as through reading. The knowledge the understanding of attrition in teaching language]

Source #3

Provide an APA-formatted citation for your source here (use the samples in the Week 5 folder and the Samples page to help you create the citations):

Belletti, A. (2020). Attrition in acquisition with principles and parameters. Journal of Second Language Research, 36(2), 193-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658319887219

Next, provide a brief objective summary (try to keep it under 150 words) of the source’s main points:

The article explores the influence of attrition on second language acquisition, with the first language playing an intermediary role. According to the author, attrition mostly happens when external conditions are designed. Second language input introduced in linguistic adulthood when the first language grammar is in place is more likely to override the L1 input—external factors such as influencing attrition in language development. Attrition is characterized by factors involving the speakers’ comprehension and production in the first language, which may occur due to impulse of second language overwhelming input or external factors.

Now answer some questions about this source:

1. What kind of source is this (a news article, an op-ed, an info page, a report of a scientific study, a book chapter, an essay, etc.)? What does its purpose seem to be (to inform, to argue a specific claim, to report the results of an experiment, etc.)?
   1. [The source is journal research focusing on the impact of attrition on second language acquisition]

• Who is the author of this source? Does the author appear to have relevant expertise about this topic?
  • [Adriana Belletti is the author of the article. Adriana is a researcher and a professor of languishing at the University of Siena, demonstrating the relevant expertise in the topic]

• What organization published or distributed this source (e.g., The New York Times, the CDC, the Journal of American Medicine, the University of Arizona, etc.)? What relevant expertise does the publisher bring to the source?
  • [SAGE Publications is the article’s publisher under Second Language Research, a peer-reviewed academic journal on linguistics. The article adds to the research as a peer-reviewed article]

• What kinds of evidence does this source offer to support its argument or demonstrate the information it’s sharing?
  • [The article relies on literature sources to support the arguments presented]

• Do the claims of this source seem contentious or radical to you? Based on your sense of the critical conversation about this topic, is this source in alignment with that conversation?
  • [The article source do not seem contentious or radical, it uses academically accepted language and tone]

• When was this source published? Given your topic, is the information here still relevant?
  • [The source was published in 2020, making it current and relevant in the study of linguistics today]

• Is the language in this source easy to understand? Are you noticing a lot of typographical errors or other mistakes? If it’s a web source, is the web page easy to navigate?
  • [The source uses the English language with no major typographical errors or grammar mistakes; hence easy to understand]

• Do you notice anything troubling about this source?
  • [No]

• Overall, how would you rate the credibility of this source?
  • [The source is credible, it is both current and published by a reputable organization and authored by a highly competent professor]

1. What have you learned from this source? How will this source and what you’ve learned from it inform your research project?
   1. [The article introduces the relationship between language attrition and first and second language acquisition and maintenance, which is highly relevant to my project in understanding how attrition influence language acquisition and learning]